Industrial Applications

Industrial Applications

Grinding

Grinding, the most important abrasive application, is in some way involved in the manufacture of almost every product. This use may be direct, as when the product requires pieces that must be made within close dimensional tolerance limits, or a very smooth surface, or when used on materials too hard to be machined by conventional cutting tools; or indirect, as when, for example, grinding wheels are used to sharpen cutting tools. The materials that are used to make cutting tools must of course be hard in order for the cutting tool to cut and retain its sharp edge. Abrasive grinding wheels are the only means for sharpening the dull edges of such tools.

Grinding wheels in use in industry today rotate at peripheral speeds of almost 300 kilometres (180 miles) per hour. The abrasive wheel may throw a long stream of bright yellow sparks and remove upwards of half a ton of metal per hour while grinding the imperfections from the surface of a bar of stainless steel. Or the grinding wheel may be as small as 0.55 millimetre (0.022 inch) in diameter, may rotate at 150,000 revolutions per minute, and may grind miniature precision ball bearings to accuracies measured in micrometres.

In the automotive industry, only abrasives can produce the tight fit required between piston rings and cylinders to prevent the escape of compressed gasoline vapours. Valves and valve seats are ground. Bearing surfaces in the engine, transmission, and wheels need specific finish, size, and roundness to assure frictionless rotation. These can be achieved only with abrasive tools.

Abrasive machining, the use of abrasives rather than high-speed steel or tungsten carbide cutting tools, makes use of the self-sharpening grinding wheel and eliminates tool sharpening costs. The ability to grind hardened materials without the previously necessary prehardening machining saves intermediate part-handling operations.

Speed and improved grinding systems, machines, and grinding tools are the main reason for the increased importance of grinding. One-hundred-horsepower motors, automatic loading equipment, high-speed grinding wheels removing large amounts of hard-to-grind materials, ultrafine tolerances, and costly machines are part of the new abrasives systems that are capable of extremely high rates of production. Yet the abrasive products portion of the total cost to grind the part may be as low as 5 percent, even though the grinding wheel, with diamond as the abrasive, may cost thousands of dollars. Or the wheel may cost a few pennies and be used to shape a die used in the manufacture of tableware.

Tumbling media

Relatively new products, such as plastic bonded tumbling media for mass finishing a multitude of parts, have eliminated time-consuming hand-deburring operations, a plague to the aircraft industry, in which the high cost of labour makes handwork prohibitively expensive. Parts with rough edges are tumbled in a rotating barrel of loose abrasive or preshaped abrasive pieces. As the mass slides, burrs are ground away, surfaces are finished, and edges are smoothed. When the same parts and media are mixed in a vibrating tub, the process becomes even more productive.

Cutting wheels

Abrasive wheels have replaced steel saws in many places. Thin, abrasive cutoff wheels are capable of sawing through nearly every material known, at rates faster than those of metal saws, while generating less heat and producing a better cut surface. Some space-age metals, because of their hardnesses, can be cut only with abrasive wheels. Granite, marble, slate, and various building blocks are cut to size with diamond abrasive wheels. Grooves for expansion joints and for the reduction of wet-weather skidding accidents are cut in concrete runways and highways by blades with a metal centre, onto which are brazed metal segments with the diamond abrasive mixed throughout.

Tool sharpening

The sharpening of all types of tools continues to be a major grinding operation. Drills, saws, reamers, milling cutters, broaches, and the great spectrum of knives are kept sharp by abrasives. Coarser-grit products are used for their initial shaping. Finer-grit abrasives produce keener cutting edges. Ultrasharp tools must be hand-honed on natural sharpening or honing stones. Even grinding wheels themselves may require some sharpening. Specially designed steel disks or diamond tools are used to remove dull abrasive cutting edges and create a sharp cutting surface.

Metal cleaning

In foundries and steel mills, grinding wheels and coated abrasive belts remove the unwanted portions of castings, forgings, and billets. Abrasive grit is pressure-blasted against the metal to clean it in preparation for painting. Metal shot is used on softer metallic castings.

Miscellaneous applications

The roster of unusual applications for abrasives includes cutting frozen fish into fish sticks; grinding animal-gut sutures and guitar strings to constant diameters; removing human skin blemishes and birthmarks or shaping bones by plastic surgery; removing spots and discolorations from suede clothing; grinding toothpicks round; and making stairs skidproof by abrasive grain.